Which of the following can trigger a flare-up of systemic lupus erythematosus?

Exposure to sunlight is recognized as a significant trigger for flare-ups in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Patients with lupus often experience a photosensitive reaction, where ultraviolet (UV) light can exacerbate symptoms, lead to rashes, and trigger an immune response. This photosensitivity is a classical characteristic of the disease, and individuals with SLE are advised to take precautions against sun exposure, such as wearing protective clothing and using sunscreen.

In contrast, regular exercise, maintaining a low-fat diet, and ensuring proper hydration typically contribute positively to overall health and may even help with symptom management in SLE. These lifestyle factors do not generally provoke SLE flare-ups and might aid in enhancing well-being and immune function.