Which of the following might be a common co-morbidity in patients with SLE?

Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) often experience various co-morbidities that can complicate their clinical management. Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, and Chronic Kidney Disease are all conditions that can manifest alongside SLE due to the disease's systemic nature and the effects of chronic inflammation on multiple organ systems.

Hypertension is frequently seen in SLE patients, often as a result of renal involvement or medication side effects, particularly from corticosteroids used to manage lupus symptoms. Additionally, the stress on the cardiovascular system due to the chronic inflammatory state associated with lupus can lead to increased blood pressure.

Diabetes Mellitus may also be a co-morbidity due to multiple factors, including the usage of corticosteroids, which can impair glucose metabolism and increase the risk of insulin resistance. This, combined with the lifestyle factors that may accompany chronic illness, can lead to a higher prevalence of diabetes in these patients.

Chronic Kidney Disease is particularly notable in SLE, as the disease can cause nephritis, leading to renal impairment. Approximately 40-50% of SLE patients will experience some form of kidney involvement during their disease course. This renal compromise can progress to significant chronic kidney disease if not adequately managed.

Therefore